Memphis’ First Black Firefighters

In 1955, Memphis’ first Black firefighters broke racial barriers, enduring segregation and hostility. Their courage and perseverance paved the way for equality, leaving a legacy honored by future generations.

---

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Historical Background
3. The First Black Firefighters
   • Challenges During Training
4. Life at Fire Station 8
   • Segregated Living Conditions
   • Dangerous Assignments
   • Job Inequality
5. Institutional Racism and Its Impact
   • The Class Action Lawsuit
6. Impact of Their Legacy
7. Honoring the Legacy
8. Conclusion
9. FAQs
10. Sources

---

Introduction

In 1955, Memphis made history when it hired its first 12 Black firefighters, a groundbreaking moment in a city still deeply divided by Jim Crow segregation. These men were assigned to Fire Station 8, where they faced racial discrimination, living in separate quarters, receiving less training and support, and often taking on the toughest and most dangerous jobs. Despite these challenges, their presence was a powerful step toward breaking racial barriers in the fire department. Their courage and determination not only helped pave the way for future generations of Black firefighters but also contributed to the broader civil rights movement in Memphis.

“They were treated pretty badly. Those first 12 firefighters were denied training on any equipment, except on the pump. They were called the ‘n’ word, denied promotions, and endured many indignities of workplace discrimination. But they persevered, and today, many hold high positions of authority.”
– Bill Adelman, Museum Curator (2022)

Historical Background

Before integration, the Memphis Fire Department was segregated, like many public services in the South. Black firefighters were not allowed to work alongside their white counterparts and were assigned to separate stations. They faced discrimination in training, assignments, and advancement opportunities, often being given the toughest and most dangerous jobs without the same support or recognition. The department treated Black firefighters as second-class citizens.

One notable incident that highlighted the segregated experiences of Black firefighters in Memphis was the Chelsea Hose Company Incident in 1874. Mayor John Loague promised to add Black members to government jobs, including the fire department. When he had the chance, he tried to honor this promise by hiring two white and three Black firefighters. However, Fire Chief Michael McFadden refused to hire them, and the city ordinance required the Fire Chief to work with the Fire Committee to make hiring decisions. The white firefighters didn’t want to work with Black firefighters, and this incident showed the deep-seated resistance to integration within the department.

In 1955, the Memphis Fire Department hired its first Black firefighters as part of a broader effort to address racial segregation and discrimination in public services. The Civil Rights Movement was gaining momentum, and there was increasing pressure to integrate public institutions, including fire departments. This decision marked a significant step in breaking down racial barriers and providing equal opportunities for all citizens.

Key leaders in Memphis played pivotal roles in the fight for equality during this time. Benjamin L. Hooks, a lawyer and pastor, became a prominent civil rights leader and later served as the executive director of the NAACP and as the first Black commissioner on the Federal Communications Commission. His efforts were instrumental in advancing civil rights.

William C. Weathers, one of the first Black candidates to run for elected office in Memphis, helped increase voter registration among Black residents, laying the foundation for future political activism. T.L. Spencer, a dedicated community leader, and Russell Sugarmon, a lawyer and politician, both worked tirelessly for civil rights, with Sugarmon raising awareness about the need for political representation. A.W. Willis, a community organizer, focused on voter registration and efforts to address racial discrimination, contributing to the broader fight for equality and justice. Together, these leaders helped push for the changes that would eventually lead to the integration of the Memphis Fire Department.

The First Black Firefighters

In 1955, Memphis hired its first 12 Black firefighters:

1. John Cooper: Before joining the Memphis Fire Department, Cooper worked in various roles within the community and was known for his dedication and resilience.
2. Murry Pegues: Pegues had a background in community service and was passionate about making a difference in Memphis.
3. Robert J Crawford: Crawford was an active member of the local community and took great pride in being one of the first Black firefighters.
4. Else Parsons: Parsons brought a wealth of experience and a strong commitment to serving his community.
5. Lawrence Yates: Yates had a history of community involvement and was determined to pave the way for future generations of Black firefighters.
6. Earl Westley Stotts: Stotts was known for his hardworking nature and dedication to public service.
7. Norvel Wallace: Wallace had a deep connection to the community and was motivated to break racial barriers within the fire department.
8. Leroy Johnson Jr.: Johnson Jr. was passionate about civil rights and sought to make a positive impact through his role as a firefighter.
9. William C. Carter: Carter was committed to social justice and equality, making him a key figure in the integration of the fire department.
10. Richard H. Burns: Burns had a strong sense of duty and was dedicated to improving conditions for Black firefighters.
11. Floyd Newsum: Newsum was driven by a desire to serve his community and promote equality within the fire department.
12. Carl Stotts: Stotts had a background in community service and civil rights activism.

Challenges During Training

For three grueling months, these recruits trained under officers who were openly hostile. They were not provided the same level of instruction and support as their white colleagues because the training officers were indifferent to the success of Black recruits. It was clear they were not wanted there. Despite this adversity, all 12 passed and were assigned to Fire Station 8 at 832 Mississippi Blvd. Their assignment, however, came with significant challenges.

Life at Fire Station 8

Segregated Living Conditions

Fire Station 8 was treated as a separate entity within the city’s fire department, as the Black firefighters were segregated from their white colleagues. Captains M.D. Baxter, Charles Gunti, and Lieutenants Duane Snyder and W. S. Bomar were assigned to serve as station officers. Their assignment was looked upon by the other members of the fire department as punishment.

The Black firefighters were forced to live in segregated quarters and denied access to the common television set located in the officers’ room. This was emblematic of the systemic racism of the time, both legally and institutionally. Recognizing their need, local funeral director Samuel Qualls Jr. and two other Black businessmen stepped in to donate a TV set, offering a small but meaningful comfort.

Dangerous Assignments

The first 12 Black firefighters in Memphis, TN, faced some of the most challenging and undesirable tasks. They were often sent to tackle dangerous basement and attic fires, which posed significant hazards due to limited visibility, extreme heat, and structural instability. These assignments put their lives at risk, but they faced them with determination.

In addition to fighting fires, they were frequently tasked with removing debris after a fire was extinguished. This involved sifting through rubble and hazardous materials, making it a tough and dirty job. On top of that, they were assigned to manually operate fire pumps, a physically demanding task that required them to work outside in extreme weather conditions.

Furthermore, they were often dispatched to high-risk areas with severe fire damage or volatile conditions. These assignments were particularly dangerous, putting their lives in jeopardy on a regular basis.

Job Inequality

The first Black firefighters in Memphis faced significant compensation inequality and a lack of opportunities compared to their white counterparts. They were paid less for doing the same, or often more dangerous, work. This pay disparity was a clear sign of the racial discrimination they encountered daily. On top of that, they had fewer chances for advancement within the department. Promotion opportunities were scarce, and they were often overlooked for roles that would allow them to move up the ranks.

The unequal treatment extended beyond their paychecks. Black firefighters didn’t receive the same level of training and support, which further hindered their ability to advance. This lack of professional development kept them from gaining the experience and skills needed to progress in their careers. Despite their hard work and dedication, they were constantly reminded of their second-class status within the fire department.

Institutional Racism and Its Impact

The city’s fire departments were desegregated in 1966, but the 12 Black firefighters remained on the receiving end of institutional racism. They were given the worst jobs, and most dangerous alarms, and a compensation policy that differed from the white firefighters. The constant racial tensions and discrimination led to the 1978 Memphis Fire Department Strike. During this strike, there was widespread vandalism and arson, leaving over 200 structures in ruins. This incident underscored the ongoing struggle for equality and fair treatment within the Memphis Fire Department.

The Class-Action Lawsuit

In 1977, Carl Stotts filed a class-action lawsuit against the Memphis Fire Department alleging that the department’s hiring and promotion policies were racially discriminatory. The lawsuit claimed that these policies violated Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. After three years of discovery and negotiations, the case was settled by a consent decree in 1980. This decree included an affirmative action plan with specific hiring and promotion goals, as well as backpay awards for affected firefighters.

However, in 1981, the city announced city-wide layoffs due to an economic crisis, which threatened to undermine the progress made under the consent decree. Stotts filed a motion to restrain the city from implementing the layoffs in a way that would negatively impact minority firefighters. The court modified the decree and enjoined the proposed layoffs and demotions of minority firefighters.

Impact of Their Legacy

The first Black firefighters in Memphis had a transformative effect on how the community viewed the fire service. Initially, there was skepticism and resistance due to the prevailing racial attitudes of the time. However, through their dedication, bravery, and professionalism, these trailblazers began to shift public perception, symbolizing progress and the breaking down of racial barriers.

Their ability to perform their duties effectively earned them the respect and admiration of both their colleagues and the broader community. By tackling challenging and dangerous tasks, they demonstrated their competence and commitment to public safety. Over time, their hard work fostered a more inclusive environment within the fire department and the city.

Their impact extended beyond their immediate roles, particularly within the Black community. They became powerful examples of what could be achieved despite discrimination and adversity. Their success opened doors for others, showing that Black individuals could excel in roles traditionally dominated by white firefighters. This helped break down racial stereotypes and inspired young people to pursue careers in the fire service and other fields where they had been underrepresented.

As more Black individuals joined the fire service, the workforce became more diverse and inclusive. This shift not only benefited the Black community but also enriched the fire department with varied perspectives and experiences, ultimately improving the quality of service for everyone.

The pioneers who were the first Black firefighters in Memphis continue to have a lasting influence on fire services today. Their determination and courage have set a powerful example for future generations. Fire departments across the country now strive to be more inclusive and diverse, thanks in part to the groundwork laid by these trailblazers. Their legacy encourages young people from all backgrounds to consider careers in firefighting, knowing that the path has been paved by those who came before them. The increased diversity within fire services brings a variety of perspectives and experiences, enhancing the ability of fire departments to serve their communities effectively. The impact of these pioneers is evident in the broader commitment to equality and fairness within the fire service industry.

Honoring the Legacy

On December 1, 2021, the Fire Museum of Memphis unveiled The African American Firefighter exhibit. It chronicles the history of Black American firefighters in Memphis Fire Services from 1955 to present day. The exhibit was made possible by sponsorships from The Pioneers Black Fire Fighters, Inc., and the Red Door Members of the Fire Museum of Memphis. The Fire Museum of Memphis regularly celebrates their contributions, especially during Black History Month. They highlight the challenges these pioneers faced and their significant achievements in breaking down racial barriers.

Additionally, the Memphis Fire Department has made efforts to promote diversity and inclusion within its ranks. Today, the department boasts several Black American administrators, including Assistant Fire Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs. This progress is a direct result of the groundwork laid by the first Black firefighters and their fight for equality.

The Pioneers Black Firefighters of Memphis, an organization established in 1973, continues to support and advocate for Black American firefighters. They organize social activities, educational programs, and fundraisers to ensure that the legacy of these pioneers is remembered and celebrated.

The “First Original 12 African American Firefighters” in Memphis made significant contributions to the city’s fire department and community. Over the years, they passed away, leaving behind a legacy of bravery and determination. The last surviving member of this group, Floyd Elbert Newsum, Sr., passed away on January 13, 2019, at the age of 86. He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, TN.

Conclusion

Reflecting on the progress made since the first Black firefighters joined the Memphis Fire Department, it’s clear that their legacy has left a profound impact. Their courage and determination in breaking through racial barriers have paved the way for a more inclusive and diverse fire service. Today, the department is far more reflective of the community it serves, with many African-Americans holding significant positions of leadership and influence. The initial skepticism and resistance they faced have transformed into respect and admiration for their contributions.

The efforts of those groundbreakers have inspired countless others to pursue careers in firefighting, ensuring that the fire service continues to benefit from a rich diversity of perspectives and experiences. Their journey reminds us of the importance of perseverance and the positive change that can come from standing up for equality and justice. As we look to the future, the foundation laid by these pioneers continues to encourage progress and foster a spirit of inclusion within the Memphis Fire Department and beyond. Their story is a testament to the power of determination and the enduring impact of breaking down barriers for the greater good.

---

Frequently asked questions about the first 12 Black firefighters in Memphis, TN

1. When were the first 12 black firefighters hired in Memphis, TN? The first 12 black firefighters were hired on July 11, 1955.
2. What challenges did the first 12 black firefighters face? The firefighters faced significant challenges, including segregation, discrimination, and unequal treatment. They were assigned to Fire Station No. 8 and lived in segregated quarters. They were given the worst jobs and had limited opportunities for advancement.
3. How did the first 12 black firefighters impact the Memphis Fire Department? Despite the challenges, these firefighters paved the way for future generations of African American firefighters. Their perseverance and dedication helped break down racial barriers and led to the eventual desegregation of the Memphis Fire Department.
4. What was the role of the Pioneers Black Firefighters of Memphis organization? The Pioneers Black Firefighters of Memphis organization, established in 1973, provided support for African American firefighters. It addressed issues such as promotions, disciplinary actions, and hiring practices, ensuring equal treatment and opportunities.
5. Who was Floyd Newsum Sr., and what was his legacy? Floyd Newsum Sr. was one of the original 12 black firefighters. He became a community activist and family man, leaving a legacy of hard work, community involvement, and support for civil rights. He was the last surviving member of the original group.

---

Sources

1. “Pioneers Black Firefighters of Memphis Collection.” 2010. The Digital Archives of Memphis Public Libraries. nd. https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p13039coll1/id/151/.
2. Kennedy, Corinne S. 2019. “One of Memphis’ First African-American Firefighters Leaves ‘Legacy That Will Never Be Forgotten.’” Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 23, 2019. https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/local/2019/01/21/floyd-newsum-sr-memphis-fire-department-first-black-firefighters/2633336002/.
3. “The First Black Firefighters.” 2021. Our Memphis History. December 31, 2021. https://ourmemphishistory.com/the-first-black-firefighters/.
4. “Fire Museum Unveils African-American Firefighters Exhibit.” n.d. Memphis. https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/TNMEMPHIS/bulletins/2fea229.
5. Chaney, Kim. 2019. “Last Surviving Member Of Memphis’ First Original 12 African-American Firefighters Dies At Age 86”. Local Memphis. January 16, 2019. https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/local/last-surviving-member-of-memphis-first-original-12-african-american-firefighters-dies-at-age-86/522-a86fe083-6c7e-49fb-9490-403503d5e790.
6. Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/196150556/floyd_elbert-newsum: accessed December 11, 2024), memorial page for Floyd Elbert Newsum (12 Oct 1932–13 Jan 2019), Find a Grave Memorial ID 196150556, citing Elmwood Cemetery, Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee, USA; Maintained by David Mayo (contributor 48529350).
7. Crawford, Robert J., Crawford, Delores A. Black Fire: Portrait of a Black Memphis Firefighter. United States: History Press, 2007.
8. Not Available. “Toward an understanding of Stotts.” 1984. October 22, 2024. http://www2.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr11085a.pdf.
9. Mitchell, Sybil C. 2024. “Black Firefighters’ Stories Come Together in Fire Museum Exhibit – TSDMemphis.com.” TSDMemphis.Com. February 13, 2024. https://tri-statedefender.com/black-firefighters-stories-come-together-in-fire-museum-exhibit/02/18/.
10. Lowry, Joe, Gully, Trish. 2023. “The First Black Firefighters.” The Tennessee Tribune, March 2, 2023. https://tntribune.com/the-first-black-firefighters/.
11. “Benjamin L. Hooks Collection – Dig Memphis – the Digital Archive of the Memphis Public Library & Information Center.” n.d. https://memphislibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16108coll15.
12. “Video | Facebook.” February 15,2024. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=796018415695675.
13. “Stotts V. Memphis Fire Dept, 679 F.2d 541 | Casetext Search + Citator.” n.d. https://casetext.com/case/stotts-v-memphis-fire-dept.
14. “The Chelsea Hose Company Incident.” 2024. Our Memphis History. November 19, 2024. https://ourmemphishistory.com/the-chelsea-hose-company-incident/.
15. Fleischer, Mark. 2023. “‘ANARCHY IN MEMPHIS’ Looking Back at the Infamous 1978 Fire (and Police) Department Strikes.” StoryBoard Memphis. July 22, 2023. https://storyboardmemphis.org/history/the-infamous-1978-fire-and-police-department-strikes/.

---